Think Past Product when You Think about Disruptive Innovation

Author: Dermott Dowling @Creatovate (2016).

Now more than ever we need to think past new products and improved product performance when we think of truly ‘#disruptive innovation’ that upsets incumbents in industries and creates sustainable competitive advantage for the disruptive innovators.

How many types of innovation can you think of?  Have a go…write them down below as many as you can…can you see 10 or more distinct types of innovation examples?

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Often, when we think about innovation all we think about is new products or improving existing product performance.  This is very important, but one of the increasing challenges we face in a hyper-competitive fast-pace modern business world is the ability of low-cost fast-to-market competitors copying your innovation and reducing your margin on new products and improved product performance as quickly as you can bring these new products to market.

Take this comment from a former Australian PepsiCo® R&D manager – is it symptomatic of your industry as well?

“We knew Smith’s Popped Chips was going to be a success as Popped Chips was doing very well in the US and our early prototypes tested very well with consumers and retailers.  What we didn’t expect was 3 other competitor brands and a private label retail brand launching at exactly the same time as we did!” PepsiCo® R&D & Innovation Manager, AIFST Innovation Reloaded Conference, Sydney, 2014.

The following extracts from articles and sources follow to help you think of multiple types of innovation so the next time you come up with a great idea for your business you might also think of some additional types of innovation to build on that great idea and ask your peers and customers and networks inside and outside your business for their ideas to help build a truly ‘disruptive innovation’.

Whatever your company hopes to do in terms of innovation, we suggest that the answer involves innovating within the following 10 distinct innovation areas, classified by the Doblin model:

1. profit model,
2. company network,
3. company structure,
4. company process,
5. product,
6. product performance,
7. customer service,
8. customer channel,
9. innovative branding and
10. customer engagement.

Let’s take a look at each of the 10 distinct types of innovation and an example of a company using that type of innovation as a key distinct advantage in their industry.  Note that you need to aim for at least 3 and ideally 5 or more different types of innovation to create a truly ‘disruptive innovation’ that can be sustained for a decent period of time in a highly competitive industry (Keeley, 2015).

How you make money | Innovative profit models find fresh ways to convert your offerings and other sources of value into cash. Great ones reflect a deep understanding of what customers and users actually cherish and where new revenue or pricing opportunities might lie. Innovative profit models often challenge an industry’s tired old assumptions about what to offer, what to charge or how to collect revenues. This is a big part of their power: in most industries the dominant profit model often goes unquestioned for decades. (Doblin, Deloitte Development LLC.)

Examples of companies that successfully altered profit models in established industries to include:

• Gillette – the ‘razor and blades’ profit model has been celebrated for years and adapted to countless other industries from ‘printers & cartridges’ to ‘coffee makers & capsules’
• Dell – reengineered the go-to-market delivery system when it first launched selling direct causing large share loss for competitors with traditional reseller business models.

How you connect with others to create value | In today’s hyper-commercial world, no company can or should do everything alone. Network innovations provide a way for firms to take advantage of other companies’ processes, technologies, offerings, channels and brands — pretty much any and every component of a business. These innovations mean a firm can capitalize on its own strengths while harnessing the capabilities and assets of others. Network innovations also help executives to share risk in developing new offers and ventures. These collaborations can be brief or enduring, and they can be formed between close allies or even staunch competitors. (Doblin, Deloitte Development LLC.)

Examples of companies that have successfully created value through network include:

• Target (US) – work with product designers and world-renowned fashion designers to create items only available at Target, other retailers to create Pop-Up stores for limited times only.
• P&G – Connect + Develop – P&G connects with external innovators and companies who submit innovations to P&G’s Connect + Develop. Connect + Develop is P&G’s program for encouraging open innovation, also known as crowdsourcing.

How you organize and align your talent and assets | Structure innovations are focused on organizing company assets — hard, human or intangible — in unique ways that create value. They can include everything from superior talent management systems to ingenious configurations of heavy capital equipment. An enterprise’s fixed costs and corporate functions can also be improved through Structure innovations, including departments such as Human Resources, R&D and IT. (Doblin, Deloitte Development LLC.)

Some companies that have created value through network innovation include:

• Whole Foods Market – is a ‘high trust organization’ where teams are everything from hiring which requires 2/3 team approval to P&L management, transparency is everything and decentralized innovations are amplified quickly instead of achingly slowly (if at all) (Keeley, et al, 2013, p. 28).
• L. Gore – has used a ‘flat lattice’ organisation model where teams are deliberately kept small and every employee becomes a shareholder after 1 year of service.

How you use signature or superior methods to do your work | Process innovations involve the activities and operations that produce an enterprise’s primary offerings. Innovating here requires a dramatic change from “business as usual” that enables the company to use unique capabilities, function efficiently, adapt quickly and build market-leading margins. Process innovations often form the core competency of an enterprise, and may include patented or proprietary approaches that yield advantages for years or even decades. Ideally, they are the “special sauce” you use that competitors simply can’t replicate. (Doblin, Deloitte Development LLC.)

Examples of companies that have created value through process innovation include:

• Zara – using fast fashion trends and supply chain optimisation Zara can move from the sketchpad or fashion runways of this world to the shop floor in just 3 weeks, the clothes will hang from Barcelona to Berlin to Beirut (Helft, 2002).
• Toyota – ‘lean’ production system reduced waste and excess, driving astonishing efficiency and continual product and process improvement across the business.
• IKEA – ‘flat-pack’ furniture with no variation by region or country with the same hardware and instructions regardless of where bought or sold streamline internal production processes.

 

How you develop distinguishing features and functionality | Product Performance innovations address the value, features and quality of a company’s offering. This type of innovation involves both entirely new products as well as updates and line extensions that add substantial value. Too often, people mistake Product Performance for the sum of innovation. It’s certainly important, but it’s always worth remembering that it is only one of the Ten Types of Innovation, and it’s often the easiest for competitors to copy. Think about any product or feature war you’ve witnessed — whether torque and toughness in trucks, toothbrushes that are easier to hold and use, even with baby strollers. Too quickly, it all devolves into an expensive mad dash to parity. Product Performance innovations that deliver long-term competitive advantage are the exception rather than the rule. (Doblin, Deloitte Development LLC.)

Examples of companies that have used Product Performance innovation include:

• Dyson – from vacuum cleaners to hand-dryers to fans Dyson continuously innovates on ways to deconstruct what is not working well in existing industries and then rebuild products on platforms that offer customers superior product performance and charge premium prices for the privilege of use of these products.
• Mars – with My M&Ms people are able to add their own messages, logos, or images to specific colour M&M candies – personalising product and opening up new uses. Ferrero has done similarly innovative things to reinvent Nutella and put it back on the table at home or out and about in cafes and shopping malls.

How you create complementary products and services | Product System innovations are rooted in how individual products and services connect or bundle together to create a robust and scalable system. This is fostered through interoperability, modularity, integration, and other ways of creating valuable connections between otherwise distinct and disparate offerings. Product System innovations help you build ecosystems that captivate and delight customers and defend against competitors. (Doblin, Deloitte Development LLC.)

Companies that create product system innovations include:

• Microsoft – Office – initially the products that went into MS Office like Word, PowerPoint and Excel were sold as individual products, now bundled together with Outlook and more they create an integrated system that is used as a productivity suite globally.
• Scion by Toyota® – Scion allows consumers to build their own car choosing from a selection of models and colours, paint and tyre trim modifications, radio, and more.

How you support and amplify the value of your offerings | Service innovations ensure and enhance the utility, performance and apparent value of an offering. They make a product easier to try, use and enjoy; they reveal features and functionality customers might otherwise overlook; and they fix problems and smooth rough patches in the customer journey. Done well, they elevate even bland and average products into compelling experiences that customers come back for again and again. (Doblin, Deloitte Development LLC.)

Some companies doing the obvious great are:

• Zappos – who would of thought buying a pair of shoes could be so much fun and so rewarding for the founders – Zappos sold to Amazon for US$1.1billion in 2009. ‘Deliver ‘WOW’ through service’ is the first of Zappos 10 core values.
• Sysco – one of the largest food distributors in North America with $43b in revenues, to elevate service in a relatively commoditized industry, Sysco created ‘Business Reviews’, a FREE consulting service helping clients to design menus or plan back-of-the-house logistics.

How you deliver your offerings to customers and users | Channel innovations encompass all the ways that you connect your company’s offerings with your customers and users. While e-commerce has emerged as a dominant force in recent years, traditional channels such as physical stores are still important — particularly when it comes to creating immersive experiences. Skilled innovators in this type often find multiple but complementary ways to bring their products and services to customers. Their goal is to ensure that users can buy what they want, when and how they want it, with minimal friction and cost and maximum delight. (Doblin, Deloitte Development LLC.)

An example of a company who connected their offer to customers in new and innovative way:

• Xiameter® from Dow Corning is a web-based sales channel first launched in 2002 that assists customers with a new way to buy silicone. Cost conscious buyers without the need for technical support or advice were able to select from 1,000s of product options, choose pricing and terms that suit them and lock in price and volume commitments in a simple but effective no frills business model that ran alongside the mother company.
• Nespresso® has retail stores and coffee shops worldwide, operates concessions inside department stores, online club for ordering capsules and machines, retail resellers for machines, partnerships with hotels like Ritz-Carlton & Hyatt, Airports and a Chefs and Sommelier program for harmonizing coffee with food and wine. Multiple channels are used to engage customers and consumers.

How you represent your offerings and business | Brand innovations help to ensure that customers and users recognize, remember and prefer your offerings to those of competitors or substitutes. Great ones distil “a promise” that attracts buyers and conveys a distinct identity. They are typically the result of carefully crafted strategies that are implemented across many touch points between your company and your customers, including communications, advertising, service interactions, channel environments, and employee and business partner conduct. Brand innovations can transform commodities into prized products, and confer meaning, intent and value to your offerings and your enterprise. (Doblin, Deloitte Development LLC.)

Companies that have used ‘brand innovation’ successfully to date include:

• Virgin – starting as a mail order record business and now involved in planes, trains, rockets, telecoms, wealth and health management and more! Virgin is the elastic band of ‘brand’!
• Aldi – have innovated using brand ‘exclusive’ or ‘destination’ branding that cuts out the middleman and goes direct to suppliers to find unique food products, beverages, and houseware.

How you foster compelling interactions | Customer Engagement innovations are all about understanding the deep-seated aspirations of customers and users, and using those insights to develop meaningful connections between them and your company. Great Customer Engagement innovations provide broad avenues for exploration, and help people find ways to make parts of their lives more memorable, fulfilling, delightful — even magical. (Doblin, Deloitte Development LLC.)

Companies using customer engagement innovation to excite and delight customers include:

• Blizzard Entertainment – World of Warcraft has more than 11million subscribers worldwide who are actively encouraged to engage with each other using a multitude of technology and techniques and ‘team up’ to achieve higher rewards.
• Apple – shows off its new hardware and software first to its developers and affiliates at its World Wide Developers Conference (WWDC) where tickets are distributed in a lottery system with prices of $1,599 a ticket for WWDC2015.

Winning innovations typically use multiple types of innovation – if you can get 3 or more that’s great and if you can get 5 or more in your next big bet that’s even better!  You are much more likely to create a sustainable innovation that endures when you innovate across multiple types of innovation.

An example of a truly transformational business and industry innovation that transcend many types of innovation follows:

1. Profit Model – machines were first available widely across multiple channels and retailers at low prices but pods were only available direct from the club.
2. Network – machine manufacturers were engaged to create truly great coffee and growers were engaged to source elite top quality coffee and retailers were engaged to get the machines out there far and wide.
3. Structure – Nespresso did not start out as an idea from the inside the mothership Nestle but rather the opposite it was ‘incubated’ across the road from head office in a distinct and different building with a dedicated team set about to disrupt their existing instant coffee business
4. Process – Nespresso® licensed a unique technology from the Battelle Institute that made coffee in an instant using an entirely new process (Silberzahneng, 2010).
5. Product Performance – we all can remember the first time we had a good Nespresso and could not believe how good the taste was for a homemade coffee.
6. Product System – build into the Nespresso club was the unique pods system with multiple types of coffee to suit different palates and desires.
7. Service – with Nespresso® club and direct engagement of end consumers through the stores, direct mail, social media, etc. Nespresso® took delivery of a staple to a whole new level.
8. Channel – Machines – sold everywhere Pods – direct from Nespresso®.
9. Brand – Nespresso did not choose George Clooney as their ambassador – the 2 million friends on Facebook decided he was the ultimate spokesman for their most adored brand.
10. Customer Engagement – from online to telephone to direct mail to Nespresso shops and stalls in busy hubs like airports, hotels, etc

Systematically determining what needs to be changed inside and outside your company to create innovation that transcends multiple types of innovation typically involves the following steps according to Keeley (2015).

Understand the beliefs, practices and truths. Start by just listing the unchallenged assumptions about rules, tools, techniques and ingrained habits about the industry.  Now think about ways to challenge these orthodoxies.

Starbucks sought to challenge its industry orthodoxies, the first one it faced was the assumption coffee was a commodity for which Americans wouldn’t pay premium prices.

What are your inclinations or predispositions towards doing business in a particular way today?

Imagine life without those assumptions. Consider a customer group that would not behave the way your customers typically behave.  Imagine a business that specifically does the opposite to what you are doing right now?  What would be some of the likely and unlikely outcomes?

Now think about different ways to rebuild the platform.

Now that assumptions are stated, think of all the ways to challenge them, from a new profit model to different customer-engagement tactics. Most companies stop at trying to do product innovation that marginally alters the offering. The big returns come from multiple approaches, (Keeley, 2015).

Think about Starbucks again. The company flipped its industry’s profit model orthodoxy by creating a premium experience. People may not pay more for coffee, but they certainly do pay more for a different atmosphere in which to drink it.

Start with one of the 10 types of innovation you find most interesting, start thinking of different ways you could innovate under that configuration on your business / category / customer today.

Ask questions. ‘how might we?….’ ‘what if?….’ ‘what’s frustrating you right now? ‘what’s frustrating your customers right now?’ ‘If you had a magic wand, what would you change?….’ Answers to the right questions can lead to an idea, an overview sketch of a new strategy, something to share and build upon.

Once you pick the areas you want to tinker with, how will you explain this new way of doing things to your mother? Where will you concentrate first, and then next? What does the new idea add that is fresh and valuable? What should be prototyped to help customers, users, insiders and partners?

Dermott Dowling is Managing Director @Creatovate, Innovation & International Business consultancy. Creatovate help businesses create, innovate and growth through sustainable innovation processes and spreading their wings outside their home base.

References:

James Janega, (2014), April 2 Larry Keeley, Doblin and the 10 categories of innovation  http://bluesky.chicagotribune.com/originals/chi-larry-keeley-doblin-innovation-strategy-bsi-20140401,0,0.story retrieved 12/04/2016.

Larry Keely, Ryan Pikkel, Brian Quinn, Helen Waters (2013) Ten Types of Innovation: The Discipline of Building Breakthroughs, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.

Business Today, (2011), Dec 11 Cover Story: A Happy Marriage http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/innovation-toshiba-ups/story/20185.html Business Today online viewed on 12/04/2016.

Charles Fischman (1996) April 30, Whole Foods is all Teams http://www.fastcompany.com/26671/whole-foods-all-teams viewed on 13/04/2016

W.L. Gore http://www.gore.com/en_xx/aboutus/culture/ viewed on 13/04/2016

Helft, Miguel (2002) May, Fast Fashion Forward Business 2.0

Philippe Silberzahneng (2010) March 18, https://philippesilberzahneng.wordpress.com/2010/03/18/nespresso-complexity-innovation-process/ viewed on 15/04/2016

Can BIG FoodCo Think! Act & Adapt like a Startup?

Concept of small business running fast!

Is it just us or does it seem today that the small food companies are moving faster than ever before and the big companies are moving more slowly when it comes to innovation in our local food industry?  Perhaps you and I are not alone in our thinking? The literature and newswires in the US have been awash with stories of “the war on big food” (Kowitt, 2015) with big bold claims like “big food is under attack from the rise of startup granola!”

Changes are not only taking place abroad in the US supermarket aisles where shoppers are cruising the periphery of the store seeking out new and trendy, authentic and unique chilled, fresh, natural and healthier food options.  The same trends are evident in Australia and plain as daylight for all to see on the high street where the Fast Food Evolution has seen global super brands like McDonalds, KFC, Subway, Pizza Hut and Burger King scrambling to reinvent themselves against the rising tide of ‘fast, casual dining chains’ like Grill’d, Nando’s and Mad Mex (Brown & Han, 2015).  Let’s not even start a conversation about the global food truck trend that could be today’s incumbent fast food operators tomorrow’s ‘disruptor’.

VIDEO: Can big food and beverage think like a startup?

16 Dec 2015 published at Food&Drink Business

Big food companies will need to rethink their business models if they want to innovate like startups, according to Dermott Dowling, managing director of innovation and international business consultancy Creatovate.

Speaking recently at the Food & Drink Business Disruptive Innovation LIVE forum, he explained why this is growing in importance, and how some of the world’s largest food and beverage companies are responding.

According to Dowling, the top 25 food businesses in the US lost at least $4bn in market share last year as consumers skipped the core food aisles in favour of the fresh segments, and increasingly sought out innovative products from smaller companies.

In this video clip, Dowling describes how some of the world’s largest companies, including Nestle and Coca-Cola, are responding to the movement, and he shares some examples of local companies that are having a go at digital disruption in the food space. See the full clip here.

Why is this happening all of a sudden?  Is it another off-shoot of the start-up tech trend finally finding its way into the food industry? Like most complex issues of business today it is a symptom of a number of factors and key influences colliding to create the perfect storm for “disruptive innovators” in the food industry.  Let us start with the trends underlying today’s shopping decisions consumers are making today with their wallets – after all is it not the shopper who ultimately controls the marketplace nowadays?

1. Shoppers and consumers are looking for ‘authenticity’ and ‘realness’ more than ever before. Their trust in global multinationals is at an all-time low and most major food companies operating in Australia are global multinationals http://www.slideshare.net/dowlmott/going-global-in-food-grocery-retailing-business . With a smart phone in every shoppers pocket the truth is out there on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter and consumers trust their friends and followers and influencers’ more than super brands blasting the old mass media airwaves. Hirschberg (2015), founder of Stoneyfield Organic Farms sums it up when he says “There’s enormous doubt and scepticism about whether large companies can deliver naturality and authenticity.”  As a result consumers are more connected with small and medium size family owned or startup food businesses and brands.  They feel a closer affinity with the founders than the boardrooms and polished CEO communicators of “Big FoodCo”.  They connect through their social media accounts, love the storytelling of startup founders and the authenticity of the founder(s) stories up all night packing boxes in their garage or cooking new prototypes on their stovetop before racing to the local farmer’s market or grocery shop on their way to fame and fortune.

2. Mintel (2015) Trends report highlights front, bold and centre Trend #3 Less processed foods, more natural as consumers continue to be concerned with eating natural and ‘less processed’ food products.

3. Consumers and shoppers are more affluent than ever before and yet more sporadic in their shopping and buying behaviour. They fill their trolleys with private label staples and shop at Aldi and CostCo to save on essentials and then simultaneously splash out on their indulgent luxury food treats. They love sharing their discoveries at their local high end speciality independent grocery store or Asian specialty shops with friends and taking something a little unique and special over to their neighbours or friends place for dinner to start a ‘foodie’ conversation.  Again here the shopper leans towards the ‘smaller, more real, and authentic’ food brands.

There are also a few key influences in the background from broader business theory on innovation that are impacting the ability of the smaller and medium size companies to grow faster than ever before and hindering the larger elephants from dancing the same jig when it comes to innovation.

Customer Development Model (Blank & Dorf, 2012)

1. Small and medium size companies by their very nature are ‘searching for growth’ ‘new business models’ and ‘repeatable and scalable business models’ and most importantly they are actively seeking out ‘new customers’. As they seek out new growth pathways for their businesses they discover unmet customer needs and wants, gaps in the market and they scurry back to the lab or pilot plant or co-manufacturer and whip something up quickly in the ever desperate search for sales and a repeatable scalable business model. With those real sales comes learned experience what’s working, what’s not, what needs fixing and so the cycle continues at pace – Build, Measure, Learn or as we like to say @creatovate “earn & learn”.  Less time in research more time spent doing, making, talking to customers and consumers with real prototypes, failing, learning, earning, and eventually success! $:-)

Business Model Iteration (Blank & Dorf, 2012)

2. Being smaller by nature you are in fact at a strategic advantage when it comes to innovation. Less $/people/time makes you smarter in your choices, you look for fast hacks forward, cut corners and try to make more from less without the bureaucracy of Stages and Gates and internal meeting after internal meeting and research after research spending valuable $/people/time but earning nothing, spending a lot and often learning very little about real customer and consumer problems in the marketplace.

3. Small and medium size companies lack middle management aka ‘ the innovation police’ who are stringently guided and controlled by budgets, plans, processes, performance reviews and the need for ‘incremental’ over ‘transformational’ growth and innovation. The middle manager’s role is to shepherd the workforce on the annually set KPIs, Manage Budgets and stop people seeking out opportunities off the strategic plan no matter how promising those opportunities might look or feel to the front line.

Resource Dependency Model

 

4. Stakeholder dependency theory (Hillman, et al 2009) suggests any organisation is interdependent on its ecosystem and the biggest interdependencies on any organisation are its ‘customers’ and its ‘shareholders’. Think about who the dominant customers are of a small or medium size food enterprise in Australia vs. a large one? Think about what investors are seeking in small and medium size business? Fast growth? Exits? Vs. Large stable food businesses? Safe and consistent returns?

Technology and capital are influencers in the background and technology enables the small and medium companies to better connect with their consumers, levels the playing field in terms of ability to interact professionally with customers (retailers) and trade partners.  Capital seeks growth opportunities and will look for the opportunity to enter and exit as quickly as possible where the opportunity for disruption exists.  Are we likely to see the small and medium growth food companies grow faster into the future – most definitely Yes! Will the large incumbents sit back and watch the ants eat their cake?  That remains to be seen and we are in for an exciting food future ahead.

Dermott Dowling is Managing Director @Creatovate, Innovation & International Business consultancy. Creatovate help businesses create, innovate and growth through sustainable innovation processes and spreading their wings outside their home base.

References:

Blank, Steve & Dorf, Bob (2012) The Startup Owner’s Manual K&S Ranch Inc, California, US. First Edition.

Dowling, D (2015) Think! Act! Adapt & Innovate $ like a Startup! http://www.linkedin.com/pulse/think-act-adapt-innovate-like-startup-dermott-dowling?trk=prof-post LinkedIn, Aug 19, retrieved on 05-Nov-15.

Dowling, D (2015) Putting “I” first in Insight to Innovation http://www.linkedin.com/pulse/putting-i-first-insight-innovation-dermott-dowling?trk=prof-post LinkedIn, Feb 25, Retrieved on 5-Nov-15.

Dowling, D (2012) Globalisation of Food & Beverages http://www.slideshare.net/dowlmott/going-global-in-food-grocery-retailing-business Slideshare, Retrieved on 5-Nov-15

IRI Worldwide (2012) The Pacesetters Report http://www.iriworldwide.com/iri/media/iri-clients/4-17-13T_T%20April%202013%20NPP%20vFinal.pdf  viewed on 5-Nov-15.

Kowitt, Ben (2015) The War on Big Food http://fortune.com/2015/05/21/the-war-on-big-food/ Fortune Online 21 May, retrieved on 5 Nov. 15

Brown, R & Han, E (2015) Fast Food Evolution – Global Super brands are having to reinvent themselves to keep up The Sydney Morning Herald online 11 January   http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/fast-food-evolution–global-superbrands-are-having-to-reinvent-themselves-to-keep-up-20150106-12j7mc.html  retrieved on 05-Nov-15

Australian Food News (2015) Top Global Food and Drink Trends for 2015 http://ausfoodnews.com.au/2015/10/21/top-global-food-and-drink-trends-for-2016.html October 21, retrieved on 05-Nov-15.

Amy J. Hillman, Michael C. Withers and Brian J. Collins R (2009) Resource Dependency Theory: A Review Journal of Management 2009 35: 1404 originally published online 23 September 2009 https://www.unifr.ch/intman/assets/files/Teaching/Network_2014/Additional%20Readings/Hillman-Withers-Collins%202009%20-%20Resource%20Dependence%20Theory.pdf retrieved on 5-nov-15

Sue Mitchell (2015) Here’s Why Consumers are Choosing Aldi over Woolworths and Coles http://www.smh.com.au/business/heres-why-consumers-are-choosing-aldi-over-woolworths-and-coles-20150714-gicgix.html July 15 retrieved on 04-Jan-16.